Karnataka History - Rapid Revision through only Keywords:

 

Karnataka History - Rapid Revision: 

Banavasi Kadambas: 

• Important Rulers: Mayurasharma (Founder), Kakusthavarma, Krishna Varman 2 (Defeated by Pulakesin 1), Divabbarasi. 

• Titles: Vijayanti Dharma-Maharajadhiraja, Kadamba Kulatilaka, Krishna Varman 1 - Dharmamaharaja. 

• Inscriptions: Halmidi Inscription (Oldest Kannada)/Talagunda, Halasi, Chandravalli. 

• Poets: Kalidasa (In Kakustavarma Court). 

• Battles: Defeated Pallavas; Alliances with Vakatakas and Gangas. 

• Coins: Padmatanka. 

• Talagunda - Agrahara and Kanchi - Ghatikastahana. 

Talakadu Gangas:

• Important Rulers: Konganivarma (Founder), Durvinita, Vishnugopa.

• Titles: Dharmamahadhiraja, Sripurusha.

• Inscriptions: Begur Inscription (mentions Bengaluru), Nandi Hills inscription.

• Emblem and Capitals: Elephants and Kolar, Talakadu and Manne.

• Key Contributions: Jainism patronage, construction of Talakadu temples, early Kannada inscriptions. 

• Chavundaraya Purana: Chavundaraya, Durvinita: Sanskrit Translation of Vaddakatha of Gunadhya, Commentary on Kirtanjunya of Bharavi, Sankrit Commentary Shabdavatara on Panini’s Grammar, Sri Purusha: Gajashastra. 

• Architecture: Kunigal Lake by Sreepurusha, Gommateshwara by Chavundaraya (Rachamalla). 

Chalukyas of Badami:

• Important Rulers: Raja Jayasimha, Pulakeshin I (Established Vatapi) (Founder), Mangalesha(Mahakuta Inscription), Pulakeshin II (Parameshwara or Dakshinapateshwara) (Persian King Khusro), Vikramaditya II (3 Times Kanchipuram Capture - Lokadevi and Trilokadevi at Pattadkal - Lakshmeshwara Inscription), Kirttivarman II. 

• Emblem: Varaha. 

• Titles: Karnata Bala by Rashtrakutas.

• Inscriptions: Aihole Inscription (by Pulakeshin II), Badami Cliff Inscription.

• Battles: Defeated Kadambas, Pallavas (Pulakeshin II), Eastern Chalukyas; faced Rashtrakutas.

• Key Contributions: Development of Vesara architecture; Cradle of Temple Architecture, 4 Caves - 3 Religions - Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Jainism), 3rd Cave by Mangalesha. 

• Kisuvolalu: Pattadakal, Architect of Virupaksha/Lokeshwara Temple - Anirvathachari Gunda. 

• Literature: Pulakeshi 2 - Kaumudi Mahotsava, Ravikeerti - Aihole Inscription, Kappe Arabhatta - Badami Inscription. 

Rashtrakutas:

• Important Rulers: Dantidurga (Founder), Krishna I (Defeated Kirti Varman 2, Kailashnath Temple), Govinda 3 (Jagattunga, Prabhuthavarasha, Sri Vallabha, Tribhuvanadhavala), Amoghavarsha I (Sharva, Uncle Karka and Rajamurudi Battle - Defeated by Neethimarga eyeranga, Bankapura, Arab Traveller Sulaiman - ¼ Great Kingdoms), Krishna III (Battle of Tokkalam against Cholas). 

• Titles: Balhara by Arab Travellers, Lattaluru Puruvadheesharu. 

• Emblem and Capital: Garuda and Manykheta. 

• Inscriptions: Samangadh Copper Plate, Ellora Cave inscriptions.

• Battles: Defeated Chalukyas, Pallavas, and Pratiharas; conquest of Kannauj (Krishna III).

• Key Contributions: Ellora Kailasa temple (Krishna I), patronage of Kannada and Sanskrit literature (Amoghavarsha I's Kavirajamarga). 

• Literature: Amoghavarsha: Sanskrit Prashnottara Mala, Srivijaya: Kavirajamarga, Pampa: Vikramarjuna Vijaya (also known as Pampa Bharata), Adipurana, Ponna: Shantinatha Purana, Bhuvanaikya Ramabhyudaya. 

Kalyani Chalukyas (also known as Western Chalukyas):

• Important Rulers: Tailapa II (Founder), Vikramaditya VI (Started a new era 1076), Someshvara I (Tribhuvanamalla, Ahavamalla, Trailokyamalla, Built Kalyana) Jagadhekamalla II, Someshwara IV (Kalyani was occupied by Kalachuri Bijjala). 

• Titles:, Chalukya Chakravarti.

• Inscriptions: Dharwad Copper Plates, Lakkundi inscriptions.

Key Contributions:

Literature: Vachana literature; Vignaneshwara - Mitakshara; Someshwara 3 - Sanskrit Encyclopaedia Manasollasa/Abhilasha Chintamani; Kavichakravarti Ranna - Sahasa Bhima, Ajitanatha; Chavundaraya 2 - Lokopakara (Astronomy, Astrology and Medicine); Sreedharacharya - Jaatakatilaka (1st Astrological work in Kannada); Bilhana - Vikramankadeva Charitam; Nagavarma 2 - Kavyalokana, Bhasha Bhushana (Grammar) and Abhidanavastukosha (1st Dictionary in Kannada). 

Coins: Gadyana, Pana, Drumma, Pon at Lakkundi and Sudi. 

Chandralekha: Vikramaditya 6, Nrutya Vidyadari and Abhinaya Saraswati. 

Hoysalas of Dwarasumdra: 

• Important Rulers: Sala, Vishnuvardhana (Battle of Talakadu - Cholas, Kirtinarayana Temple at Talakadu and Channakeshava Temple at Belur, Sri Talakadugonda Coin, Malavalli Inscription) (Defeated by Vikramaditya in Battle of Kannegala, To Vaishnavism by Ramanujacharya), Narasimha I, Veera Ballala II (Captured Fort of Ucchango from Pandyas), Veera Ballala III. 

• Capital: Shashakapura/Sosevuru and Belur. 

• Titles: Vishnuvardhana/Bittideva - Mahamandaleshwara, Chalukya Mani, Mandalika Chudamani, Tatpada Padmopajivan, Maleparolganda, Ballala 2 - Giridurgamalla and Shanivarasiddhi, Hoysalas Chakravarty and Dakshina Chakravarty. 

• Inscriptions: Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura inscriptions.

• Key Contributions:

• Architecture: Constructed iconic Hoysala temples at Belur (Chennakesava Temple), Halebidu (Hoysaleswara Temple), and Somanathapura (Keshava Temple); known for intricate and detailed stone carvings.

Literature: Janna (Yashodhara Charite and Ananthanatha Purana) and Harihara (Girija Kalyana, Pampashtaka and shivakshamale); Nagachandra (Mallinatha and Ramachandra Charita, Pampa Ramayana), Nayasena (Dharmamrutha), Keshiraja (Shabdamanidarpana). 

Main socio-religious reformers of Karnataka:

1. Basava (Basavanna): Treasurer (Prime Minister) under King Bijjala. Shaktivishishtadwaitha Philosophy. 8 Principles. 

2. Madhvacharya: Philosopher and founder of the Dvaita school; originally a priest. Poorna Prajna and Ananda Teertha, Ashta Mathas. 

3. Ramanujacharya: Philosopher and founder of the Vishishtadvaita school; originally a temple priest.

4. Shankaracharya (Aham Brahmasini): Philosopher and proponent of Advaita Vedanta; originally a wandering monk. 4 Peets - Kalikamath, Jyotirmatha, Govardhan Peetha and Sharada Peet. Shanmatha Stgapanacharya. 

5. Allama Prabhu: Mystic and saint; originally a temple drummer.

6. Kanaka Dasa: Poet-saint; originally a warrior and shepherd.

7. Purandara Dasa: Poet-saint and composer; originally a wealthy merchant.

Bhakti Movement: 

Bhakti saints, their key contributions, and their original professions in one-liner format:

1. Kabir: Weaver; promoted unity of Hinduism and Islam through devotional songs.

2. Tulsidas: Poet-saint; composed Ramcharitmanas, retelling the Ramayana in Hindi.

3. Mirabai: Rajput princess; devoted follower of Krishna, composed numerous bhajans. Brijbhasha. 

4. Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism; originally a storekeeper and accountant.

5. Ravidas: Leatherworker; emphasized equality and devotion to a formless God.

6. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu: Priest; key proponent of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, popularized Krishna Bhakti.

7. Namdev: Tailor; spread Vithoba worship through abhangas (devotional songs) in Maharashtra.

8. Surdas: Blind bard; celebrated Krishna’s childhood and composed Sursagar.

9. Eknath: Scholar and scribe; enriched Marathi literature and promoted devotion through bhajans.

10. Ramanuja: Temple priest; expounded Vishishtadvaita philosophy and promoted devotion to Vishnu.

Vijayanagar Empire: 

“Forgotten Empire” - Robert Sewell. 

4 Dynasties: Sangama Saluva Tuluva Aravidu. 

Sangama: 

Founders: Harihara I and Bukka I/Triambakaraya established the Sangama Dynasty and the Vijayanagar Empire in 1336. 

Capital: Anegundi. 

Key Ruler: 

• Harihara 1: ಪೂರ್ವ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಸಮುದ್ರಧೀಶ್ವರ ಮತ್ತು ವೇದ ಮಾರ್ಗ ಸ್ಥಾಪನಚಾರ್ಯ.  

• Bukka 1: Ambassadors to Ming Rulers of Ceylon and China. 

• Devaraya 1: Akkasale Girl War with Feroz Shah. 

• Deva Raya II (1424–1446) Prodadevaraya, Gaja Bentekara, Abhinava Veeraraya, Chatusva Mudradeeshwara, Dakshina Samudradeeshwara and Persian Ambassador Abdul Razzak. 

Saluva Dynasty:

Founder: Saluva Narasimha I (Horse Trade with Arabs) founded the Saluva Dynasty in 1485, taking over from the weakened Sangama Dynasty.

Tuluva Dynasty:

• Founder: Narasa Nayaka, the regent of the last Saluva king, established the Tuluva Dynasty, but it was his son, Krishnadevaraya, who formally founded it (P.B. Desai). 

• Defeats Yusuf Adil Shah, Mutti Amir, Yavvana Rajya Pratisthapanacharya - Battle of Gulbarga, Helped Portuguese against Zamorin. 

• Rama Raya: Battle of Talikote, Italian Fedric Caesar. 

Aravidu Dynasty:

• Founder: The Aravidu Dynasty was founded by Tirumala Raya in 1570, following the decline of the Tuluva Dynasty.

• Key Ruler: Sriranga III (1642–1663) was a significant ruler, known for his attempts to restore the Vijayanagar Empire after the defeat at Talikota.

Queen Bhimadevi of Deva Raya 1: Shantinath at Shravanabelagola. 

Literature: 

• Krishnadevaraya: Authored Amuktamalyada. 

• Peddanna: Known as the "Aadi Kavi" of Telugu literature; wrote Manucharitram, a famous Telugu work. 

• Tenali Ramakrishna: authored Panduranga Mahatmyam. 

• Nandi Thimmana: Composed Chandana Charchita in Telugu. 

Famous Travellers: 

• Abdul Razak: Persian envoy, Devaraya 2, The History of Persia.

• Domingo Paes: Portuguese traveler; Krishnadevaraya. 

• Durate Barbosa: Krishnadevaraya. 

• Nicolò de' Conti: Venetian explorer; provided accounts of Vijayanagar’s trade and wealth.

• Manuel de Melo: Portuguese diplomat; Devaraya 1.

• Ferando Nuniz: Portuguese; Achyutaraya. 

• Fredrick Caesar: Italian. 

Bahamani Kingdom:

1. Foundation: Established by Alauddin Bahman Shah in 1347, after breaking away from the Delhi Sultanate.

2. Capital: Initially set up its capital at Gulbarga, later moving it to Bidar.

3. Dynastic Rule: The kingdom was ruled by five different dynasties, including the Bahmani, Adil Shah, Qutb Shah, Barid Shah, and Imad Shah dynasties.

Tajuddin Firoz Shah: Firozabad. 

• Mohammad Gawan: Madarasa in Bidar, Captured Hubballi. 

• Adil Shah's of Vijaypura: Yusuf, Ibrahim - Jagadguru Badshah, Kitab-e-Navaras, Ibrahim Rauza. 

• Barid Shah's of Bidar: Qasim Barid. 

• Qutub Shah's of Golkonda: Quil Qutub Shah, Ibrahim shifted capital to Hyderabad. 

• Nizam Shah's of Ahmadnagar. 

• Imad Shah of Berar: Fathulla. 

Nayakas of Keladi: 

1. Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka
   Battles: He + Abbakkadevi = Portuguese at Mangalore, Defeated Adil Shahi at Vijaypura and Hangal Pillar.

2. Shivappa Nayaka
   Battles: Successfully fought against the Portuguese and Marathas; Padugadalodeya. Sistu land revenue system. 

3. Queen Chennammaji
   Battles: Led resistance against Mughal invasions; Chatrapati Rajaram, Land for Christian Church at Mangalore. 

The Nayakas of Chitradurga:

1. Raajaveer Madakari Nayaka

Defended Chitradurga against the Marathas and the Mughal Empire, Hyderabad Ali, Obavva. 

2. Madakari Nayaka V

Ontisalaga, Karigudi, Eppattelu Palegarara Ganda by Madhavrao 1. 

Naada Prabhus of Yelahanka:

Founder: Kempe Gowda I (c. 1537–1560): Founded Bangalore; expanded territories. Prajavatsla. 

Kempe Gowda II (1560–1595): Strengthened Bangalore's fortifications; supported trade, During his time Ranadulla Khan occupied Bangalore and thus they moved to Kunigal and Magadi. Navakavita Gumbhapumbhavani. 

Commissioners: 

• Mark Cubbob 1834: Mysore to Bangalore, Kannada as Official Language, 1st Railway Line - Bengaluru to Jolarpet. 

• Chamaraja Wodeyar X 1881: Punardan, People Representative Assembly. 

Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar: Miller Commission to ensure participation, Voting Rights to women for the first time, Mysuru Economic Conference 1911. 

Divans: 

Diwans of Mysore State from 1881 to 1947, along with their key contributions:

1. Rangacharlu (1881-1883): Restored Mysore's representative assembly after the Rendition, Bangalore - Mysore Railway Line, Palace Drama Company. 

2. K. Sheshadri Iyer (1883-1901): Established the KRS Dam and initiated hydroelectric power at Shivanasamudra, KGF, Gazetted, Taluk Boards and CSE, British Postal, Exhibition, Geology, Agriculture Departments, Marihall - Vedavati Project, Vanivilas Sagar, 1st city to be electrified, Hesaraghatta Reservoir, Archaeological Department - B.L. Rice, Mysore Oriental Manuscript Library, Dalit Schools, Mysore Infant marriage regulations (Below 8). 

3. P. N. Krishnamurti (1901-1906): Promoted industrialization; expanded railways.

4. V. P. Madhava Rao (1906-1909): Reformed the revenue system, Veterinary Department, Council (10-15), Central Cooperative Bank, Vokkaliga Sangha, Mysore Newspaper Regulation 1908. 

5. T. Ananda Rao (1909-1912): Improved education; established the University of Mysore, Mysore Economic Conference, Kannambadi, Mysore Palace. 

6. M. Visvesvaraya (1912-1918): Spearheaded major irrigation projects and industrialization; founded Mysore Iron Works, Sandalwood, Soap, Leather, Chamber of Commerce, Mysore Bank 1913, Compulsory Education, Agricultural School at Hebbal, University of Mysore 1916, Sahitya Parishad 1915. 

7. Mirza Ismail (1926-1941): HAL, Sugar Factory, Iron and Steel Factory at Bhadravati, Radio, Brindavan Gardens, NIMHANS, McGann.

8. N. Madhava Rao (1941-1947): Managed war-time economy and laid groundwork for post-independence reforms.

Role of Karnataka in Independence: 

Bombay Congress Committee meeting Presidents: 

1. Belgaum: Dinsha Wacha 

2. Dharwad: Pherozshah Mehta 

Home Rule League at Dharwad, 1st KPCC Dharwad - Gangadharrao Deshpande (Karnataka Kesari), Presidents - 1922 Mangaluru CR, 1923 Bijapur Srinivas Iyengar. 

Flag Satyagraha: N.S. Hardikar - Hindustan Seva Dal at Hubli 1924. 

• CDM: Mylara Mahadevappa. 

• Flag Hoisting: Vidurashwatha (Jallianwalla Bagh). 

Gandhi of Karnataka: Hardikar Manjappa. 

• 1938 Shivapura Congress Session. 

Isuru. 

Mysore Chalo: K.C. Reddy, Palace Satyagraha. 

• Jaya Chamarajendra Wodeyar. 

Karnataka Gata Vaibhava: Aluru Venkat Rao. 

• Karnataka Sabha - Karnataka Ekikarana Samiti - Siddappab Kambli. 

• Nehru Committee: Unification. 

• Vidyavardhaka Sangha: Dharwad - 1890 - R.H. Deshpande. 

• Karnataka Sangha - 1916. 

• 1907, All Karnataka Writes’ Conference at Dharwad by Aluru Rao (Karnataka Provincial Unit of INC). 

• 19 Districts in 1956.